The effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction in language learning has been the topic of a long-standing debate. Prompted by this debate, we attempted to provide an updated meta-analysis on the learning effect of computerassisted English language instruction on a broad range of study features. This meta-analysis of the experimental literature compares computer-assisted English language learning with traditional face-to-face treatments, including 140 computer-assisted learning versus classroom instruction studies, which yield 158 achievement effects. After examining the methodological quality, the overall weighted average effect size for achievement was +0.50, and it was heterogeneous. The results indicated that computer-assisted instruction had an overall medium effect on English language development. Moreover, the mixed effects model for moderator analyses indicated that Web-based instruction yielded a larger mean effect (+0.54) than traditional computer-assisted instruction (+0.47). Further analyses led to the identification of four important moderators of English language learning: type of interaction, communication mode, language learning context, and treatment duration. Insights into the evolution, not only in the technological but also in the sociological context and educational theories, and the future prospects of computer-assisted instruction are discussed.
Prevalence, determinants, and effects of food insecurity among Middle Eastern and North African migrants and refugees in high-income countries: A systematic review
Issues related to poverty and income inequality in high-income countries have led to food insecurity among some population groups, such as migrants and refugees. While there are some studies on the experience of some migrant groups (and other subpopulations), little is known about food security among Middle Eastern and African migrants and refugees. This systematic…